Ultrasonics in Obstetrics
Written by Dr.ChrisUltrasonics in Obstetrics: Ultrasonic techniques have been used in obstetrics and gynecology since their introduction in 1958 by Donald and his colleagues in Glasgow. Ultrasound is the name given to sound waves of a frequency greater than the upper audible limit, i.e., greater than 16,000 cycles per second. The ultrasound frequencies used in medical diagnosis, […]
Tags: gynecological tumours, gynecology, hydatidiform mole, multiple pregnancy, Ultrasonics
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Radiology in diagnosis: Pregnancy
Written by Dr.ChrisRadiology in diagnosis: Radiology helps in the diagnosis of 1) presentation and position of the fetus, 2) congenital abnormalities like hydrocephalus and anencephalous monsters, 3) intra-uterine death of the fetus, 4) multiple pregnancy, 5) location of the placenta, 6) assessment of the pelvispelvimetry , 7) the size of the fetal head cephalmetry, maturity […]
Tags: anencephalous monsters, Extra-uterine gestation, hydrocephalus, intra-uterine death, multiple pregnancy
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Radiation Hazards in Obstetrics
Written by Dr.ChrisRadiation hazards:
Even though small, the following radiation hazards should be borne in mind:
1. Congenital malformations: There is the danger that X-rays may interfere with the development of the early embryo and give rise to congenital malformations if the mother is exposed to radiation in the first trimester. It is advisable therefore to avoid radiological examination, particularly […]
Tags: Congenital malformations, Genetic damage, neoplastic disease, radiology
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Intra-uterine fetal death
Written by Dr.ChrisIntra-uterine fetal death: Fetal death can occur anytime during pregnancy. The tendency to fetal retention decreases with advancing pregnancy and there is a close association between duration of the retention and the appearance of hemostatic system changes.
The cause of the hemostatic disorder is unknown but the coagulopathy is subacute to chronic with protracted intravascular clotting […]
Tags: circulating fibrin, hemostatic system, Intra-uterine fetal death, intravascular clotting, Missed abortion
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Chorioamnionitis: Pregnancy
Written by Dr.ChrisChorioamnionitis
It refers to infection of the placenta and membranes generally occurring after the 20th week of pregnancy. The most common cause is ascending infection following premature rupture of the
membranes and there is a possibility of its occurrence in every case of prolonged labour with ruptured membranes.
The pathogenesis of coagulopathy is similar to that which occurs […]
Tags: Chorioamnionitis, coagulopathy, endotoxic shock, Pregnancy
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Infected abortion
Written by Dr.ChrisInfected abortion: It may be defined as abortion associated with a rise of temperature above 38°C, after having excluded extragenital infection. The basic etiological factor in the development of coagulopathy here is the presence of circulating endotoxins in the blood. In the majority of cases of ascending uterine infection in pregnancy, the causative organism is […]
Tags: endotoxic shock, fibrinolytic activity, Gramliegative bacteria, hypovolemia
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Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Written by Dr.ChrisAmniotic fluid embolism: Intravascular invasion of the maternal circulation by the amniotic fluid and its contents can occur, and may occasionally get arrested in the pulmonary vascular system with a reactive pulmonary vasoconstriction. This condition is often associated with increased uterine contraction following rupture of membranes, especially after stimulation by oxytocin, caesarean section, rupture of […]
Tags: amniotic fluid embOlism, coagulopathy, thromboplastic activity, thromboplastin, vasoconstriction
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Eclampsia of pregnancy
Written by Dr.ChrisEclampsia of pregnancy: This causes a series of pathological changes both in the mother and the fetus, the changes ranging from a state of hypercoagulability to manifest intravascular coagulation. In addition, there is a reduction in the platelet count, lowered plasminogen, increased amount of the fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product in the serum and urine. The increased […]
Tags: ECLAMPSIA, fibrin-fibrinogen, hypercoagulability, plasminogen, Pregnancy
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Premature separation of placenta
Written by Dr.ChrisPremature separation of placenta: This condition carries a high risk of coagulopathy, especially the combined variety, grade III. The pathophysiology is disseminated intravascular coagulation combined with raised fibrinolytic activity.
The placenta and decidua contain massive amounts of tissue thromboplastin which is pumped into the circulation follow ing placental separation. This triggers the clotting system, as also […]
Tags: coagulopathy, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, intravascular coagulation, thromboplastin
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Coagulation Disorder in Obstetrics
Written by Dr.ChrisCoagulation Disorder in Obstetrics: Hemostasis is the process by which a leak in the vascular system is rapidly repaired by vascular responses, platelet interaction and the coagulation system. In some situations, vascular response takes a precedence while in others platelet interaction does so. In the arterioles and venules, both are important.
Clotting is aided by the […]
Tags: amniotic fluid embOlism, chorioamnionitis and intra-uterine fetal death, eclampsia of pregnancy, infected abortion
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Transfer of drugs: Pregnancy
Written by Dr.ChrisTransfer of drugs
The factors regulating the transfer of drugs, at different stages are of importance. The majority of drugs transfer across by passive diffusion down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion and active transport by placenta are important for endogenous substances. As the placenta consists of lipoprotein membranes, transfer is most rapid for the highly lipid […]
Tags: fetal liver, lipoprotein membranes, low ionism, Pregnancy
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The sites of action: Drugs
Written by Dr.ChrisThe sites of action:
The sites of action of fetotoxic drugs are varied. The drugs may have direct action on the fetus e.g., tetracycline given in late in pregnancy causes teeth discoloration due to chelation with calcium in the developing teeth and also damage to the fetal bones. Interference with placental function is another effect […]
Tags: antineoplastic drugs, fetotoxic drugs, prednisolone, spermatogenesis, tetracycline
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Drugs in Pregnancy
Written by Dr.ChrisDrugs in Pregnancy: Drugs used in pregnancy may have a temporary or a more permanent teratogenic effect on the fetus. One of the teratogenic effects is the structural malformation produced by a substance administered at the time of organogenesis. The dosage and duration of the drug used determine the effects on the fetus. So does […]
Tags: Drugs, fertilisation, organogenesis, Pregnancy, teratogenic effects
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Clinical features: Hemolytic Disease
Written by Dr.ChrisClinical features: The infant’s liver does not have adequate enzyme systems to conjugate the bilirubin load. Most unconjugated bilirubin is cleared by the placenta and conjugated by the maternal liver. The more immature the fetus, the more immature is the enzyme system. Owing to the relatively short life span of the fetal erythrocytes (less […]
Tags: antepartum, bilirubin, cordblood, jaundice, oedema, pericardial effusions, peritoneal, Pleural
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Pathology: Hemolytic Disease in the Newborn
Written by Dr.ChrisPathology: The most constant gross finding at autopsy is enlargement of tlLEsples!tAcmrcliiAXIAWL affleen weighing 25 g or more is pathognomonic only of fetal erythroblastosis or syphilis. Enlargement of the liver, though frequent, is less conspicuous than that of the spleen. The characteristic microscopic finding is widespread extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen. A […]
Tags: erythroblastemia, erythroblastosis, normoblasts, reticulocytes, splenic hemosiderosis, syncytial layers, syphilis
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