MICROCOCCUS TETRAGEN
Written by Dr.ChrisMICROCOCCUS TETRAGEN (GAFFKYA TETRAGENA): It is a commensal of mucosa of upper respiratory tract. It is Gram positive cocci slightly longer than staphylococci and occur in tetrad. It is capsulated when in tissue.
Cultural Character:
Fluid media: In broth a thick deposit may develop. Supernatant fluid may remain clear.
Nutrient agar: The colony is white. It is emulsified […]
Tags: B. subtilus, friable, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus hemolyticus
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STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES: Toxin Production
Written by Dr.ChrisToxin production:
(1) Hemolysins: It is filterable toxic substances. It is of two types:
(a) Streptolysin 0, which is oxygen labile, heat labile, strongly antigenic, important in contributing to virulence (intravenous injec-tion into animal has specific cardiotoxic activity and it is inhibited by cholesterol).
(b) Streptolysin S is oxygen stabile, non antigenic, inhibited non specifically by serum lipoprotein and may […]
Tags: aerobic, anaerobic, Bacillus coli, Bacillus tetanus, Clostridium welchii, endometrial, hemolytic, non-hemolytic, Staphylococcus, Staphylococus aureus
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Pneumococcal Infection: Treatment
Written by Dr.ChrisTreatment: Sulfonamides and penicillins are quite effective drugs. Resistance may develop with antibiotics like sulfonamides and tetracycline. Rarely penicillin resistant strains of pneumococci do • occur. It is possible to immune person with type specific polysac-charides. It provides 90 per cent protection. A vaccine has also been developed, (include type 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, […]
Tags: erythromycin, Hemophilus influenzae, Penicillin, pneumococci, pseudomonas
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Pneumococcus: Bacteriological Investigations
Written by Dr.ChrisBacteriological investigations:
(1) Material: Sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid and pus discharge are collected in a sterile container.
(2) Smear examination: Gram staining show-flame shaped cocci arranged in pair and they are Gram positive capsulated.
(3) Culture: Material is inoculated on blood agar plates and incubated at 37°C under 5 to 10% carbon dioxide. Growth occurs after […]
Tags: bacillus, clostridium, deamination, spores, sporosarcina, tryptophan
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Characteristics of Pathogenic Strain
Written by Dr.ChrisCharacteristics of Pathogenic Strain:
(1) Coagulase positive.
(2) Mannitol fermentation.
(3) Beta hemolysis.
(4) Golden yellow pigment.
(5) Liquify gelatin.
(6) Phosphatase is produced.
(7) Sensitivity to lysostaphin.
Resistance: It is among more resistant of non sporing organisms. It withstands 60°C for 30 minutes. It resists 1% phenol for 15 minutes.
Mercury perchloride (1%) kills it in 10 minutes. Crystal violet (. in 5,00,000) and brilliant green (one in 10 million) […]
Tags: Anabolism, catabolism, endoenzymes, enerobacteriaceae, exoenzymes
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STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Written by Dr.ChrisSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (Staphylococcus pyogenes):
Morphology: It is ovoid or spherical, (0.8 to 0.9,u) non motile, non capsulated, non sporing strain with ordinary aniline dye and is Gram positive. It is arranged in cluster (grape like). Cluster formation is due to cell division occurring in three planes with daughter cells tending to remain in close proximity.
Cultural characteristics: […]
Tags: Actinomycetes, corynebacteria, Mycoplasma, Spirochaetes, Vibrio
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STAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS
Written by Dr.ChrisSTAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS: It is coagulase negative staphylococcus which is part of skin flora.
Cultural Characters
Nutrient agar colony is pin head size and white in color.
Blood agar colony is white and there is no hemolysis around them.
Pathogenecity: It is non pathogenic. It may act as opportunist pathogen causing acne, pustules and stitch abscess. If resistance of host […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Written by Dr.ChrisSTREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES: Morphology: It is 0.5 to 1,u in diameter and arranged in chain. Chain formation is due to cocci dividing in one plane only and failure of daughter cell to separate completely. The length of a chain depends upon medium on which organism is grown. It is usually encapsulated, non sporing and non motile. […]
Tags: arabinose, glucose, lactose, mannital acetoin, Staphyloccus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus citreus
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ALFA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Written by Dr.ChrisALFA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI: Some streptococci do not produce soluble hemolysin. It is characterised by production of alfa hemolytic colonies on blood agar.
It includes:
(a) Streptococcus viridans.
(b) Streptococcus mitis.
(c) Streptococcus M.G.
(d) Streptococcus salivarium
Streptococcus viridans: It is present as commensal on mucosa of mouth, nasopharynx and saliva of man. On the basis of biochemical reactions it is classified into 5 species (Streptococcus […]
Tags: arabinose, glucose, lactose, mannital acetoin, Staphyloccus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus citreus
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ANAEROBIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Written by Dr.ChrisANAEROBIC STREPTOCOCCUS: Peptostreptococcus putridus: The natural habitat of anaerobic streptococci is female genital tract. The culture on blood agar medium when incubated anaerobically in Mc Intosh Fildes jar for 48 hours. Shows the colony as 2 to 4 mm, circular, raised and transluscent. There is no hemolysis.
It ferments glucose, maltose, fructose with abundant gas production. […]
Tags: Antibiotic, Delivery, Diarrhoea, ECLAMPSIA, gastro-enteritis, Gonorrhoea, Gynacology, Infection, Meningitis, OBSTETRICS, Pregnancy, Pubis, Uterus
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INFECTION BY PNEUMOCOCCI
Written by Dr.ChrisPNEUMOCOCCI: It also produces suppurative infection in various parts of body.
(1) Lobar pneumonia: Air brone infection of respiratory tract is a frequent occurrence. The organism is generally eliminated by natural defence mechanism. If resistance is lowered, organism penetrates bronchial mucosa and spread through lung along peribronchial tissue and lymphatics. Bacteriemia is frequent during early stages. Toxemia […]
Tags: antilymphocytic serum, brain, cartilage, corticosteroides, Immunosuppression, intrauterine allograft, irradiation, testis
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Toxin and Other Virulence Factors: Pneumococcus
Written by Dr.ChrisToxin and Other Virulence Factors:
(1) Hemolysin: Pneumococcus produces soluble hemolysin in young culture. It gives characteristic green coloration around colonies. It is oxygen labile and its role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection is not known.
(2) Capsular polysaccharide: It is specific soluble substance which protects the organism from phagocytosis, It is acidic and has hydrophilic properties. Hence […]
Tags: bronchopneumonia, Capsular polysaccharide, Hemolysin, Leucocidin, pneumococci
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Antigenic structures: Pneumococcus
Written by Dr.ChrisAntigenic structures: Pneumococcus possesses a number of antigens.
(a) Nucleoprotein: It is neither species specific nor type specific. Antibody to this antigen is not protective.
(b) Species specific polysaccharides hapten: It is situated at the cell surface and is not related with capsular antigen.
(c) Capsular polysaccharide is found in capsulated form. It determines type specificity of organism and virulence. Pneumococci […]
Tags: carcinomatosis, coronary occlusion, glomerulonephritis, malaria, nephrosis, Rheumatic Fever, serum sickness
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Biochemical Reaction: Pneumococcus
Written by Dr.ChrisBiochemical reaction: It ferments many sugars, forming acid only. Inulin is fermented by all pneumococci. They are bile soluble (few drops of 10% sodium deoxycolate solution are added to 1 ml of overnight broth culture). The culture clears due to lysis of cocci. It is catalase and oxidase negative.
Resistance: It is readily destroyed by heat […]
Tags: aureus, B-alanine, diphtheria, Glutathione, Gonorrhoea, Hematin, influenzae, Nicotinic acid, thiamine
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Pneumococcus
Written by Dr.ChrisPneumococcus: They are Gram positive, lanceolate diplococci and, are capsulated. Pneumococci occur primarily in the human throat and are the most common cause of pneumonia. They require enriched medium with blood, serum or ascitic fluid for their growth. On blood agar they produce alpha hemolysis.
Morphology: It is typically small (1 ,u) slightly elongated with one […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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