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HAEMATURIA

Written by Dr.Chris

HAEMATURIA: Sudden passage of blood in the urine can be extremely alarming to the patient. However, it is rarely, if ever, severe enough to constitute a threat to the patient’s life. It may be stressed that haematuria is only a symptom and not a disease by itself and can result from a variety of disorders, […]


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CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

Written by Dr.Chris

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE: Clostridium difficile is recently accepted widely as the most important cause of severe antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Cross contamination is the most likely explanation for spread of this organism in hospitalized infants. The organism may possibly spread among adults who are at risk of developing antibiotic associated diarrhoea or colitis. Susceptible individual when exposed […]


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Viral Causation of Human Cancer

Written by Dr.Chris

Viral Causation of Human Cancer: Human cancer is due to viruses inconsistent with oncogene hypothesis to suggest that all other carcinogen particularly (chemical only serve to trigger an endogenesis viral oncogene). Other view is that cancer arises by somatic mutations incidence of which is known to be increased by hydrocarbons and radiations.
EB is invariably present […]


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Cytomegalovints

Written by Dr.Chris

Cytomegalovints: It is indistinguishable from other viruses of herpes group. They may infect man, monkey, guinea pig etc. Characteristically it causes enlargement of infected cell with acidophilic or basophilic intranuclear inclusion body. Human strains are antigenically heterogeneous. It can be grown on human fibroblast cultures. Since cytopathic effect are slow in appearance so they require […]


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MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Written by Dr.Chris

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Hybridoma technology for the production of antibodies was introduced by Kohler and Milstein for which they have been awarded the Noble prize in Medicine 1984. Now it is possible to successfully generate not only mouse hybridomas but also interspecies (rat-mouse and human-mouse) hybridomas. Even human to human hybridomas have.been produced.
Monoclonal antibodies derived from […]


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IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE

Written by Dr.Chris

IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE: It is a kind of immunological unresponsiveness involving antibody production as well as cell mediated response. This non reactivity may be specific to the particular antigen only whereas immune reaction to other antigens remains unaffected. Tolerance can be induced for any of the substances that induce antibody production. It may be induced by […]


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TYPE III REACTIONS: HYPERSENSITIVITY

Written by Dr.Chris

TYPE III REACTIONS: Immune Complex Diseases:
Here the damage is caused by antigen antibody complex. This may precipitate on or around blood vessels causing damage to cells secondarily or on membrane interfering with their function. In antigen excess, soluble circulating complex may be formed with antibodies. These may be deposited on blood vessel walls or on […]


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TYPE II REACTIONS: HYPRSENSITIVITY

Written by Dr.Chris

TYPE II REACTIONS: Cytotoxic and Cytolytic:
The type of reaction is initiated by antibodies that react with either antigenic determinant of cell or tissue element. Cell damage occurs in presence of complement or mononuclear cells.
In sedormid purpura, sedormid (allyl isopropyl acetyluria) is ad-ministered. It combines with platelets altering their surface antigenecity. Antibodies are formed against sedormid […]


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Icterus neonatorum: Disease of Newborn

Written by Dr.Chris

Icterus neonatorum: A slight amount of jaundice is not infrequently seen in the newborn. It appears usually on the third or fourth day after delivery and generally within the first week. It is seen first on the trunk and face, then on the extremities and conjunctivae. In mild cases, the urine and feces remain normal […]


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Clinical features: Hemolytic Disease

Written by Dr.Chris

Clinical features: The infant’s liver does not have adequate enzyme systems to conjugate the bilirubin load. Most unconjugated bilirubin is cleared by the placenta and conjugated by the maternal liver. The more immature the fetus, the more immature is the enzyme system. Owing to the relatively short life span of the fetal erythrocytes (less […]


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Complications of immaturity: Infant

Written by Dr.Chris

Complications of immaturity
The immature infant is prone to many complications, the important ones being respiratory disess syndrome (pulmonary hyaline membrane) retrolental fibroplasia. Aspiration pneumonia, yanotic attacks, gastro-intestinal infections and cerebral hemorrhage are also common. They are rone to birth injuries, jaundice, hypoglycemia nd hypothermia as well. Late complications are poor intake of food, failure to […]


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Assessment of Neonate at Birth

Written by Dr.Chris

Examination and assessment of neonate at birth: Apgar score : This is carried out in every baby at one and five minutes. Scores of 02 are given for each of the following: 1) pulse, 2) respiratory effort, 3) muscle tone, 4) response to catheter in the nostril, and 5) colour. A score of seven or […]


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