GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
Written by Dr.ChrisGARDNERELLA VAGINALIS: Formerly called Corynebacterium vaginale or Hemophilus vaginalis is Gram negative bacillus present in the vagina as normal flora. Alone or in combination with anaerobes, Gardnerella vaginalis causes vaginitis with a malodorous odor. In wet smear we find “clue cells” which are vaginal epithelial cells covered with many tiny rods and there is an […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA: TREATMENT
Written by Dr.ChrisThe pathologic changes are mostly confined to lungs. It may cause extensive lysis of inflammatory cells resulting in marked amount of nuclear debris and coagulative necrosis of lung parenchyma. The alveolar septa becomes edematous and are infiltrated with inflam-matory cells. Pleura may show evidence of fibrinous pleuritis and serous or seroanguinous pleural effusion. The organism […]
Tags: erythromycin, Hemophilus influenzae, Penicillin, pneumococci, pseudomonas
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CULTURE OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA
Written by Dr.ChrisCULTURE OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA: It may be cultured on Mueller Hinton chocolate agar medium, Freeley-Gorman agar or chorcoal yeast extract agar enriched with ferric-phosphate and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Incubation temperature is 35°C with 2 to 5% carbon dioxide. However, pH should be adjusted to the range of 6.85 to 6.95. The organism grows slowly forming tiny […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA
Written by Dr.ChrisLEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA: Legio means army, ella is small, pneumo means lung and phila is lover. It was described for the first time in July 1976. Other outbreaks have been diagnosed retrospectively as far as 1965 or earlier. How¬ever, sporadic symptomatic or asymptomatic infections occurred all over the world as long ago as 1947. The organism […]
Tags: erythromycin, Hemophilus influenzae, Penicillin, pneumococci, pseudomonas
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Q. FEVER
Written by Dr.ChrisQ. FEVER: Etiology of the disease was not known hence called Query or Q. fever. Rickettsiae burnetti also called Coxiella burnetti is the causative agent. It has been widely distributed and reported from all countries. It is zoonosis. Reservoir is bandicoot and transmitted by Ixodid tick. Transovarial infections have been transmitted in ticks. Ticks transmit […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Pneumococcal Infection: Treatment
Written by Dr.ChrisTreatment: Sulfonamides and penicillins are quite effective drugs. Resistance may develop with antibiotics like sulfonamides and tetracycline. Rarely penicillin resistant strains of pneumococci do • occur. It is possible to immune person with type specific polysac-charides. It provides 90 per cent protection. A vaccine has also been developed, (include type 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, […]
Tags: erythromycin, Hemophilus influenzae, Penicillin, pneumococci, pseudomonas
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STAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS
Written by Dr.ChrisSTAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS: It is coagulase negative staphylococcus which is part of skin flora.
Cultural Characters
Nutrient agar colony is pin head size and white in color.
Blood agar colony is white and there is no hemolysis around them.
Pathogenecity: It is non pathogenic. It may act as opportunist pathogen causing acne, pustules and stitch abscess. If resistance of host […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Pneumococcus
Written by Dr.ChrisPneumococcus: They are Gram positive, lanceolate diplococci and, are capsulated. Pneumococci occur primarily in the human throat and are the most common cause of pneumonia. They require enriched medium with blood, serum or ascitic fluid for their growth. On blood agar they produce alpha hemolysis.
Morphology: It is typically small (1 ,u) slightly elongated with one […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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IMMUNOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION
Written by Dr.ChrisIMMUNOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION: Transplantation is one of mankind’s old dream. In case of irrepairable damage to organ because of disease or injury or when the organ is congenitally defective or absent, grafting or transplantation becomes inevitable for restoration of function. The individual from whom organ is obtained is the donor, the individual on whom it […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Written by Dr.ChrisIMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME: When there lies defect in persons to produce immune responses or to express immune response into effective function then there is failure in the development and function of lymphoreticular system. It is associated with diminished resistance to infection.
Following are types of immune deficiency in man:
(1) Reticular dysgenesis means failure of stem cell development.
(2) Di […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE
Written by Dr.ChrisCELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE: The term cell mediated immunity refers to the specific immune responses that do not involve antibodies. Induction of CMI consists of specifically sensitizing T lymphocytes against the antigen. When sensitized T lymphocyte comes in contact with antigen determinant, it undergoes blast transformation and clonal proliferation selectively in para cortical areas of lymphnode. […]
Tags: erythromycin, Hemophilus influenzae, Penicillin, pneumococci, pseudomonas
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Antibiotic Assays in Body Fluids
Written by Dr.ChrisAntibiotic Assays in Body Fluids: It is done by making serial dilution of specimen and inoculating standard suspensions of bacteria of known minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Lowest concentration of drug that inhibits bacterial growth is called minimum inhibitory concentration.
It is useful in verifying adequate drug concentration in blood and other body fluids. It also guards […]
Tags: erythromycin, Hemophilus influenzae, Penicillin, pneumococci, pseudomonas
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BACTERIAL COUNT
Written by Dr.ChrisBACTERIAL COUNT
(A) Total bacterial count includes living as well as dead bacteria. It can be obtained by following methods.
(1) Direct counting under microscope using counting chamber.
(2) Counting in an electronic device in Coulter counter.
(3) Direct counting using stained smears prepared by spreading known volume of culture over measured area of a slide.
(4) Comparing relative number in smear of the […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Analysis of Bacteria
Written by Dr.ChrisAnalysis of Bacteria: Antigenic analysis: By using specific sera we can identify organism by agglutination reaction e.g., beta hemolytic streptococci is differentiated into 18 serological groups (A to T except I and J) on the bases of polysaccharides component. Likewise pneumococcus is divisible into 77 capsular types by capsular swelling reactions with antititaysular sera.
Bacteriophage typing: […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Staining Reaction
Written by Dr.ChrisStaining Reaction: Simple stain brings out morphology best. Differential and special stain are necessary to bring out characteristics like flagella, capsule, spores and metachromatic granules.
In Gram stained smears we note shape, size, arrangement, spores and so on. Gram stain divides bacteria into Gram positive and Gram negative bacilli, Ziehl Neelsen stain into acid fast and […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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