GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
Written by Dr.ChrisGARDNERELLA VAGINALIS: Formerly called Corynebacterium vaginale or Hemophilus vaginalis is Gram negative bacillus present in the vagina as normal flora. Alone or in combination with anaerobes, Gardnerella vaginalis causes vaginitis with a malodorous odor. In wet smear we find “clue cells” which are vaginal epithelial cells covered with many tiny rods and there is an […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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CULTURE OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA
Written by Dr.ChrisCULTURE OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA: It may be cultured on Mueller Hinton chocolate agar medium, Freeley-Gorman agar or chorcoal yeast extract agar enriched with ferric-phosphate and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Incubation temperature is 35°C with 2 to 5% carbon dioxide. However, pH should be adjusted to the range of 6.85 to 6.95. The organism grows slowly forming tiny […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Q. FEVER
Written by Dr.ChrisQ. FEVER: Etiology of the disease was not known hence called Query or Q. fever. Rickettsiae burnetti also called Coxiella burnetti is the causative agent. It has been widely distributed and reported from all countries. It is zoonosis. Reservoir is bandicoot and transmitted by Ixodid tick. Transovarial infections have been transmitted in ticks. Ticks transmit […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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STAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS
Written by Dr.ChrisSTAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS: It is coagulase negative staphylococcus which is part of skin flora.
Cultural Characters
Nutrient agar colony is pin head size and white in color.
Blood agar colony is white and there is no hemolysis around them.
Pathogenecity: It is non pathogenic. It may act as opportunist pathogen causing acne, pustules and stitch abscess. If resistance of host […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Pneumococcus
Written by Dr.ChrisPneumococcus: They are Gram positive, lanceolate diplococci and, are capsulated. Pneumococci occur primarily in the human throat and are the most common cause of pneumonia. They require enriched medium with blood, serum or ascitic fluid for their growth. On blood agar they produce alpha hemolysis.
Morphology: It is typically small (1 ,u) slightly elongated with one […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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IMMUNOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION
Written by Dr.ChrisIMMUNOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION: Transplantation is one of mankind’s old dream. In case of irrepairable damage to organ because of disease or injury or when the organ is congenitally defective or absent, grafting or transplantation becomes inevitable for restoration of function. The individual from whom organ is obtained is the donor, the individual on whom it […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Written by Dr.ChrisIMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME: When there lies defect in persons to produce immune responses or to express immune response into effective function then there is failure in the development and function of lymphoreticular system. It is associated with diminished resistance to infection.
Following are types of immune deficiency in man:
(1) Reticular dysgenesis means failure of stem cell development.
(2) Di […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Mutation
Written by Dr.ChrisMutation: Any change in the nucleotide sequence of gene constitutes a mutation. The different form of gene produced by mutation are called alleles.
Sequence Changes: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA can change in either of 2 ways: (a) by substitution of one base pair for another as the result of a replication error e.g., pyrimidine […]
Tags: penicillin and streptomycin, proteus, salmonella, sulfonamide
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BACTERIAL COUNT
Written by Dr.ChrisBACTERIAL COUNT
(A) Total bacterial count includes living as well as dead bacteria. It can be obtained by following methods.
(1) Direct counting under microscope using counting chamber.
(2) Counting in an electronic device in Coulter counter.
(3) Direct counting using stained smears prepared by spreading known volume of culture over measured area of a slide.
(4) Comparing relative number in smear of the […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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TRANSDUCTION
Written by Dr.ChrisTRANSDUCTION: It is the transfer of a portion of DNA from one bacterium to other by bacteriophages, (viruses that parasitize in bacteria). Transduction is not confined to transfer of chromosomal DNA. Episome and plasmids may also be transduced. The plasmid determining penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus are transferred from cell to cell by transduction.
Several properties may […]
Tags: Escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella, Staphylococcus aureus
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Analysis of Bacteria
Written by Dr.ChrisAnalysis of Bacteria: Antigenic analysis: By using specific sera we can identify organism by agglutination reaction e.g., beta hemolytic streptococci is differentiated into 18 serological groups (A to T except I and J) on the bases of polysaccharides component. Likewise pneumococcus is divisible into 77 capsular types by capsular swelling reactions with antititaysular sera.
Bacteriophage typing: […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Staining Reaction
Written by Dr.ChrisStaining Reaction: Simple stain brings out morphology best. Differential and special stain are necessary to bring out characteristics like flagella, capsule, spores and metachromatic granules.
In Gram stained smears we note shape, size, arrangement, spores and so on. Gram stain divides bacteria into Gram positive and Gram negative bacilli, Ziehl Neelsen stain into acid fast and […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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Identification of Bacteria
Written by Dr.ChrisIdentification of Bacteria: For the identification of organism we proceed as under.
(1) Microscopic examination: It helps to find out whether the bacteria is cocci, bacilli, vibrio, spirillum or spirochaete. On Gram staining we can have two groups of organism; Gram positive and Gram negative organisms.
(2) Motility: Pathogenic cocci are non motile. Among Gram negative bacilli, salmonella, Escherichia […]
Tags: Alcaligens fecalis, Escherichia coli, Gram negative bacilli, proteus, pseudomonas, salmonella, Vibrio cholerae
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